建筑工程整體地面的施工的探析

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摘要：整體地面主要是指混凝土地面、水泥砂漿地面、現(xiàn)澆水磨石地面和菱苦土地面等。這是一種應用較為廣泛、具有傳統(tǒng)做法的地面，其基層和墊層的做法相同，僅面層所用材料和施工方法有所區(qū)別。絕大部分工程的基層和墊層在土建工程中完成，在裝飾工程中僅進行面層的施工。由于在實際工程中應用水泥砂漿地面和現(xiàn)澆水磨石地面較多，所以本文重點介紹這兩種地面的施工工藝。

Abstract: the whole ground is mainly refers to the concrete ground water, cement mortar ground and terrazzo ground and ling magnesia ground, etc. This is a kind of application is relatively wide, with the ground of tradition, the grassroots and cushion layer is the same, only different surface materials and construction methods. Most of the engineering of grass-roots and cushion in civil works completed, only in the decoration project carries on the surface of the construction. Because in the practical engineering application water cement mortar ground and terrazzo ground is more, so this article focuses on the two farming construction process below. 　　關鍵詞：整體地面；水泥砂漿；施工；養(yǎng)護；質(zhì)量 Key words: whole ground; Cement mortar; Construction; Maintenance; The quality 　　引言 The introduction 　　水泥砂漿地面面層是以水泥作膠凝材料，以砂作骨料，按配合比配制抹壓而成。水泥砂漿地面的優(yōu)點是造價較低、施工簡便、使用耐久，但容易出現(xiàn)起灰、起砂、裂縫、空鼓等質(zhì)量問題。 Cement mortar ground surface with cement as cementitious material, with sand as aggregate, according to mix with pressure. Cement mortar ground has the advantage of low cost, simple construction, durability, but it's easy to have a grey, sand, cracks, empty drums and other quality problems. 　　1 對組成材料的要求 1 requirements for component materials 　　1.1 膠凝材料 水泥砂漿（樓）地面所用的膠凝材料為水泥，應優(yōu)先選擇硅酸鹽水泥、普通硅酸鹽水泥，其強度等級一般不得低于32．5MPa。以上品種的水泥與其他品種水泥相比，具有早期強度高、水化熱較高、干縮性較小等優(yōu)點。如果采用礦渣硅酸鹽水泥，其強度等級應大于32.5MPa，在施工中要嚴格按施工工藝操作，并且要加強養(yǎng)護，這樣才能保證工程質(zhì)量。 1.1 gelled material used in the cement mortar ground (floor) gelling material for cement, should give preference to Portland cement, ordinary Portland cement, the strength grade average is not less than 32.5 MPa. The above varieties compared with other varieties of cement, cement with high early strength, small dry shrinkage and higher hydration heat, etc. If using slag Portland cement, the strength grade should be greater than 32.5 MPa, strictly operate according to construction technology in construction, and to strengthen the maintenance, so as to ensure the engineering quality. 　　1.2 細骨料 水泥砂漿面層所用的細骨料為砂，一般多采用中砂和粗砂，含泥量不得大于3％（質(zhì)量分數(shù)）。因為細砂的級配不好，拌制的砂漿強度比中砂、粗砂拌制的強度約低25％~35％，不僅耐磨性較差，而且干縮性較大，容易產(chǎn)生收縮裂縫等質(zhì)量問題。水泥砂漿地面的施工工藝水泥砂漿地面的施工比較簡單，其施工工藝流程為：基層處理—彈線、找規(guī)矩—水泥砂漿抹面—養(yǎng)護。 1.2 fine aggregate used in the cement mortar layer fine aggregate as the sand, more commonly used medium sand and coarse sand, silt content shall not be greater than 3% (mass fraction). Bad for fine grading, mixing mortar strength than medium sand and coarse sand mixing intensity of about 25% ~ 35% lower, not only wear resistance is poorer, and the dry shrinkage is bigger, easy to produce the quality problems such as shrinkage crack. Cement mortar ground the construction technology of cement mortar ground construction is simpler, its construction technological process as follows: the basic level processing - line, find rules - cement mortar plaster - maintenance. 　　2 基層處理 2 basic level processing 　　水泥砂漿面層多鋪抹在樓地面混凝土墊層上，基層處理是防止水泥砂漿面層發(fā)生空鼓、裂紋、起砂等質(zhì)量通病的關鍵工序。因此，要求基層具有粗糙、潔凈、潮濕的表面，必須仔細清除一切浮灰、油漬、雜質(zhì)，否則形成一層隔離層，會使面層結(jié)合不牢。表面比較光滑的基層，應進行鑿毛，并用清水沖洗干凈，沖洗后的基層，最好不要上人。在現(xiàn)澆混凝土或水泥砂漿墊層、找平層上做水泥砂漿地面面層時，其抗壓強度達到1．2MPa，才能鋪設面層，這樣不致破壞其內(nèi)部結(jié)構。 Cement mortar layer more than shop put on floors, concrete cushion layer, primary treatment is to prevent the cement mortar layer from a empty drum, crack, sand, etc. The quality common fault of the key working procedure. Therefore, grass-roots requirements with rough, clean, moist surface, must be carefully remove all float ash, oily be soiled, material, or to form a layer of isolation layer, layer combined with rickety. Surface is smooth at the grass-roots level, should be cut hair, rinse off with clear water, rinse the grassroots, had better not be here. In cast-in-place concrete or cement mortar cushion layer, making the ground surface layer of cement mortar screed-coat, its compressive strength is 1.2 MPa, in order to laid the surface, it does not damage its internal structure. 　　3 彈線、找規(guī)矩 3 line, find rules 　　3.1 彈基準線 地面抹灰前，應先在四周墻上彈出一道水平基準線，作為確定水泥砂漿面層標高的依據(jù)。做法是以地面±0．00為依據(jù)，根據(jù)實際情況在四周墻上彈出0．5m或1．0m作為水平基準線。據(jù)水平基準線量出地面標高并彈于墻上（水平輔助基準線），作為地面面層上皮的水平基準。要注意按設計要求的水泥砂漿面層厚度彈線。 Should be in 3.1 before playing the datum surface troweling pop up on the wall around a horizontal reference line, used as the basis for determining cement mortar surface elevation. Approach is based on the ground plus or minus 0.00, according to the actual situation in the pop up on the wall around 0.5 m or 0.5 m as a horizontal line. According to the level reference line out of the ground elevation and the amount play auxiliary reference line (level) on the wall, as the level of the ground surface epithelium. Should pay attention to according to the design requirements of the cement mortar layer thickness of the line. 3.2 做標筋 根據(jù)水平輔助基準線，從墻角處開始沿墻每隔1．5～2．0m用1：2水泥砂漿抹標志塊；標志塊大小一般是8～10cm見方。待標志塊結(jié)硬后，再以標志塊的高度做出縱橫方向通長的標筋以控制面層的標高。地面標筋用1：2水泥砂漿，寬度一般為8～10cm。做標筋時，要注意控制面層標高與門框的鋸口線吻合。 3.2 do the reinforcement according to the level of auxiliary line, starting from the corner along the wall every 1.5 ~ 2.0 m with 1:2 cement mortar plastering logo block; Marks the block size is 8 ~ 10 cm square. After being marked piece of "hard, again with the height of the logo piece make vertical and horizontal direction through the long bar to control the elevation of the surface. Width of ground reinforced by 1:2 cement mortar, general is 8 ~ 10 cm. Do the reinforcement, attention should be paid to control surface elevation and the frame line curf. 　　3.3 找坡度 對于廚房、浴室、廁所等房間的地面，要找好排水坡度。有地漏的房間，要在地漏四周做出不小于5％的泛水，以避免地面“倒流水”或產(chǎn)生積水。找平時要注意各室內(nèi)地面與走廊高度的關系。 3.3 to find slope for kitchen, bathroom, toilet, etc. The ground of the room, looking for good drainage slope. Have room, floor drain to make around the floor drain is not less than 5% of the water, to avoid any ground "backflow of water or water. Looking for at ordinary times should pay attention to the interior corridor of ground and the height of the relationship. 　　3.4 校核找正 地面鋪設前，還要將門框再一次校核找正。其方法是先將門框鋸口線抄平找正，并注意當?shù)孛婷鎸愉佋O后，門扇與地面的間隙應符合規(guī)定要求，然后將門框固定，防止松動、位移。 3.4 check for ground laid before, and the door frame check alignment again. Its method is to frame line curf sight alignment, and pay attention to the local surface layer after laid, door leaf and the ground clearance should conform to the requirements of the rules, then frame fixed, prevent loose and displacement. 　　4 水泥砂漿抹面 4 cement mortar plaster 　　面層水泥砂漿的配合比應符合有關設計要求，一般不低于1：2，水灰比為1：（0．3～0．4），稠度不大于3．5cm。水泥砂漿要求拌和均勻，顏色一致。 The mixing ratio of cement mortar on the surface should comply with the design requirements, generally not less than 1:2, water cement ratio is 1: (0.3 ~ 0.4), consistency is not more than 3.5 cm. Cement mortar mixing evenly, the same color. 　　鋪抹前，先將基層澆水濕潤，第二天先刷一道水灰比為0．4～0．5的素水泥漿結(jié)合層，隨即進行面層鋪抹。如果素水泥漿結(jié)合層過早涂刷，則起不到與基層和面層兩者黏結(jié)的作用，反而易造成地面空鼓，所以，一定要隨刷隨抹。 Shop before, first the basic water wet, the second day to brush a water-cement ratio is 0.4 ~ 0.5, the slurry layer, then wipe surface spread. If the slurry layer combined with early besmear to brush, not with the grassroots and surface bonding effect, both empty drums instead of the ground, so, be sure to increases with the increasing brush wipe. 地面面層的鋪抹方法是：在標筋之間鋪上砂漿，并隨鋪隨用木抹子拍實，用短木杠按標筋標高刮平。在刮平時要從室內(nèi)由里往外刮到門口，符合門框鋸口線的標高，然后再用木抹子搓平，并用鐵皮抹子緊跟著壓光一遍。壓光時用力要輕一些，使抹子的紋淺一些，以壓光后表面不出現(xiàn)水紋為宜。如果面層上有多余的水分，可根據(jù)水分的多少適當均勻撒一層干水泥或干拌水泥砂漿來吸收面層上多余的水分，再壓實壓光。但是，當表層無多余水分時，不得撒干水泥。 Ground surface clean shop of method is: in the reinforcement between the mortar on the shop, and increases with the increasing spread using wood float and scrape to evenness with short wooden poles according to the standard bar elevation. In peacetime away from indoor by you to shave to the door, and in conformity with the frame line curf elevation, and then rubbing flat in wood float, and use iron float followed by pressure light again. Calender when the strength should be lighter, make float lines shallow some, with a light surface does not appear after water pressure is advisable. If there is excess water on the surface, but according to how much appropriate moisture evenly sprinkle a layer of dry cement or dry mixing cement mortar to absorb excess moisture on the surface, light compaction pressure again. But, when surface without excess water, must not dry cement. 　　當水泥砂漿開始初凝時，即人踩上去有腳印但不塌陷，即可開始用鐵皮抹子壓第二遍。 When cement mortar start initial setting, that is, people have stepped on footprints but not collapsed, then beginning to use iron float pressure the second time. 　　這一遍是確保面層質(zhì)量最關鍵的環(huán)節(jié)，一定要壓實、壓光、不漏壓，并要把死坑、砂眼和腳印全部壓平，要做到清除氣泡、孔隙、平整光滑。待水泥砂漿達到終凝前，即人踩上去有細微腳印，抹子抹上去不再有紋時，再用鐵皮抹子壓第三遍。抹壓時用力要稍微大一些，并把第二遍留下的抹子紋、毛細孔壓平、壓實、壓光。 This again is to ensure that the surface quality is the most key link, be sure to compaction, pressure light, does not leak, and the death pits, voids and footprints all pressing it, to do clear bubble, pore, level off is smooth. To cement mortar reached before the final set, that is, people walk to have a small footprint, float goes up no more lines, then use iron float a third time. Apply pressure when the strength should be slightly larger, and leave the second time wipe ZiWen, capillary pressure, compaction, pressure light. 　　水泥地面壓光要三遍成活，每遍抹壓的時間要掌握適當，以保證工程質(zhì)量。壓光過早或過遲，都會造成地面起砂的質(zhì)量問題。 Cement floor calender to survival, three times every time wipe to grasp appropriate pressure of time, to ensure the engineering quality. Calender too early or too late, can create the ground sand quality problems. 　　5 養(yǎng)護 5 maintenance 　　面層抹壓完畢后，在常溫下鋪蓋草墊或鋸木屑進行灑水養(yǎng)護，使其在濕潤的狀態(tài)下進行硬化。養(yǎng)護灑水要適時，如果灑水過早容易起皮，過晚則易產(chǎn)生裂紋或起砂。一般夏天在24h后進行養(yǎng)護，春秋季節(jié)應在48h后進行養(yǎng)護。當采用硅酸鹽水泥和普通硅酸鹽水泥時，養(yǎng)護時間不得少于7d；當采用礦渣硅酸鹽水泥時，養(yǎng)護時間不得少于14d。面層強度達到5MPa以上后，才允許人在地面上行走或進行其他作業(yè)。 Wipe after the pressure facing, at room temperature sprinkler maintenance cladding MATS or sawdust, make its hardening under the humid condition. Sprinkling water curing water to timely, if too easy peeling, too late, easy to produce cracks or sand. General maintenance within 24 h after the summer, spring and autumn season should be performed within 48 h after curing. When using Portland cement and ordinary Portland cement, curing time shall not be less than 7 d; When using slag silicate cement, curing time shall not be less than 14 d. Surface strength after reaching more than 5 mpa, allowed people to walk on the ground or other operations.