淺析結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換層的應用

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摘要：隨著我國經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，人們對高層建筑的功能要求趨向于多樣化、綜合化和全面化。于是，帶轉(zhuǎn)換層的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)孕育而生，并在近年來得到較為廣泛的應用。

Abstract: along with the sustained and rapid development of economy in our country, people to the functional requirement of the high-rise buildings tend to be diversified, integrated and comprehensive. So, born with conversion layer structure of breeds, and have become more widely used in recent years. 　　關(guān)鍵詞：高層建筑；轉(zhuǎn)換層；施工 Key words: high-rise buildings; The transformation layer; The construction 　　1 高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換層 1 high-rise building conversion layers structure 　　按照不同的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換功能，轉(zhuǎn)換層可分為三種類型：①高層建筑上層與下層的結(jié)構(gòu)形式不同，通過轉(zhuǎn)換層完成其從上層至下層不同結(jié)構(gòu)形式的變化。②高層建筑上層與下層的結(jié)構(gòu)形式不變，但通過轉(zhuǎn)換層完成其從上層到下層不同柱網(wǎng)軸線布置的變化。③通過轉(zhuǎn)換層同時完成高層建筑上層與下層結(jié)構(gòu)形式與柱網(wǎng)軸線布置的變化。 According to the different structure transformation, transformation layer can be divided into three types: (1) high building structure form of the upper and the lower is different, through the transformation layer to complete its different structure forms of change from the upper to the lower. (2) the high building structure form of the upper and the lower is changeless, but through the transformation layer to complete its different from the upper to the lower column grid line layout changes. (3) through the transformation layer complete high-rise building at the same time the upper and the lower structure with the axis of the column grid layout changes. 　　為實現(xiàn)高層建筑內(nèi)部上、下層結(jié)構(gòu)形式與柱網(wǎng)（或剪力墻軸線網(wǎng)）的變化，經(jīng)常采用以下的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換形式：①梁式轉(zhuǎn)換。②板式轉(zhuǎn)換層。板的厚度一般很大，以形成厚板式承臺轉(zhuǎn)換層。它的下層柱網(wǎng)可以靈活布置，不必嚴格與上層結(jié)構(gòu)對齊，但板很厚，自重很大，材料用量很多。 For tall buildings inside, the lower structure with column grid (network) or shear wall axis changes, often use the following form of structural transformation: (1) beam transformation. (2) plate transformation layer. The thickness of the plate are large, to form a thick plate cap transformation layer. It can lower column grid of flexible arrangement, don't have to be strictly aligned with the upper structure, but the plate is very thick, the weight is very big, material consumption. 　　2 工程實例及施工要點 Two engineering examples and key points for construction 　　2.1 工程概況。溫州市百里東路改建工程安置房1-11號樓，工程總占地面積32295.92m2，總建筑面積158879m2，地下室一層17392m2，底部一、二層為大開間商場（寫字樓），三層為架空結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換層,上部為住宅。轉(zhuǎn)換層為梁式轉(zhuǎn)換，最大框支梁KZL-01斷面1100×1800、KZL-21斷面1000×2000。模板及支撐體系由18mm厚木復合模板、50×100方木、Φ48鋼管、扣件等組成，經(jīng)過取最大斷面框支梁KZL-21進行模板及支撐系統(tǒng)計算能滿足砼施工荷載要求。 2.1 project summary. Wenzhou in east road rebuilding project 1-11 housing building, the project covers an area of 32295.92 m2, total construction area of 158879 m2, a layer of 17392 m2, the basement one, the second is larger space at the bottom of the shopping mall (office), three layers for the overhead structure transformation layer, upper for residence. Conversion layer for the beam, the largest box beam KZL - 01 section 21 section 1000 x 1100 x 1800, KZL - 2000. Template and the support system consists of 18 mm thick composite template, 50 * 100 square timber, Φ 48 steel pipes, fasteners and so on, after taking the largest cross-section box beam KZL - 21 teams' template and support system can satisfy the requirement of concrete construction load calculation. 　　2.2 梁模及支撐體系。由于框支梁斷面大，自重大，對梁模支撐體系要求必須很高。模板支撐體系必須編制專項施工方案，請專家進行會審，并嚴格按照方案實施。經(jīng)對最大斷面KZL-21框支梁模板及支撐體系計算，模板排架體系能滿足砼施工荷載要求。所以框支梁排架支撐體系均參照KZL-21框支梁計算要求搭設，具體方法①根據(jù)KZL-21框支梁計算值，所有框支梁順梁的長方向立桿間距300mm，垂直于梁長度方向立桿間距不大于300mm。②由于框支梁部位的施工荷載大于下一層樓板的設計荷載，所以在所有梁底模順著梁的長度方向支撐立桿下端設置槽鋼作為枕木，減輕立桿的集中荷鋪設，對下層樓面的影響。③考慮立桿垂直方向受力存在偏心距，在排架搭設過程中所用的水平鋼管應在立桿兩側(cè)交差布置，不應在立桿的同一側(cè)布置。頂板排架立桿間距取框支梁長度主向立桿間距的雙倍數(shù)。④立桿排架搭設好以后，在排架下端設一道水平拉結(jié)掃地桿，再向上按不大于1500mm設置水平拉桿，并與頂板排架連結(jié)。每一把梁排架立桿沿梁的長度方向設置二道剪力撐，垂直于梁的長度方向每間隔2400mm設剪力撐并與頂板排架立桿拉結(jié)，這樣使梁排架與頂板排架連成整體，增加穩(wěn)定性。⑤梁底模內(nèi)楞布置根據(jù)立桿的布置情況，在立桿間鋪設50×100m木方，其凈間距不得大于100mm。梁側(cè)模內(nèi)楞間距不得大于200mm，外楞間距不得大于430mm。 2.2 Liang Mo and supporting system. Since, because of the large frame supported beam cross section, the Liang Mo support system requirements must be high. Template support system must prepare special construction scheme, please experts came, and in strict accordance with the plan to implement. After the maximum cross-section KZL - 21 box beam template and support system, template shelving system can satisfy the requirement of concrete construction load. So supported beam bent frame supporting system are reference KZL - 21 box - girder calculation requirements set specific methods (1) according to KZL - 21 box beam computed values, all of box Liang Shunliang stud spacing is 300 mm, length direction perpendicular to the length of the beam poling direction distance not greater than 300 mm. (2) because the construction of box beam part load is greater than the design of the floor under a load, and so on all beam bottom along the length direction of the beam supporting the lower poling set channel steel as sleepers, lighten the poling of concentrated load laid, effects on the lower floor. (3) considering the poling direction vertical force exist eccentricity, and in the process of the bent frame build level used in the steel pipe should be on both sides of poling a job arrangement, should not be decorated in the same side of the vertical pole. Shelving roof stud spacing for main frame supported beam length to double stud spacing ratio. Set-up after good, (4) vertical rod bent in shelving set a bottom level Rachel sweeping bar, press no greater than 1500 mm set the horizontal tie up, connect with roof racks. Every beam bent poling direction set two way shear along the beam length, the length of the vertical beam direction every interval of 2400 mm set shear brace and with shelving roof bar Rachel, this causes the beam bent and bent frame roof tent together as a whole, increase stability. (5) beam bottom mould layout according to the arrangement of poling, 50 x 100 m between stud laid wood square, the net spacing shall not be greater than 100 mm. Beam side form stare blankly spacing shall not be greater than 200 mm, inside outside stare blankly spacing shall not be greater than 430 mm. 　?、蘖簜?cè)模固定所用的Φ14對拉螺栓水平間距400mm，垂直間跨不得大于450mm，固定模板所用螺帽均采用雙螺帽，以防螺桿絲口滑絲。由于對拉螺栓比較密集，考慮對結(jié)構(gòu)受力將會造成影響，經(jīng)與設計探討確定，框支梁中所用的對拉螺栓均為一次性投資，不應埋設套管。⑦在砼澆注時，應安排技術(shù)人員，仔細檢查排架支撐體系在砼澆注過程中的穩(wěn)定狀況，確保在第一時間發(fā)現(xiàn)澆注過程中的異常情況，進行合理的調(diào)整加固。 Beam side form 6 fixed Φ 14 of bolt used in the horizontal spacing is 400 mm, between the vertical cross shall not be greater than 450 mm, fixed template used nuts adopt double nut, screw wire mouth sliding wire in case. Because the bolt is dense, considering structure will impact, determined by way of and design study, box used in a beam of bolt are one-time investment, should not be embedded casing. All landowners in concrete pouring, it shall arrange technical personnel, carefully check the bent frame supporting system in stable condition in the process of concrete pouring, to ensure that in the first time found the abnormal situation in the process of pouring, reasonable adjustment of the carton. 3 框支梁柱鋼筋幫扎 3 box beams reinforced to help Mr 　　3.1 節(jié)點處理：框支柱頂部節(jié)點鋼筋通常比較密集，應做好施工措施，確保砼澆注質(zhì)量。為盡量改良鋼筋密集的狀況，可將梁上部鋼筋（宜取第一排鋼筋）與柱端外皮縱筋機械連接；當柱縱筋直徑大于梁筋直徑時，接頭設在梁內(nèi)；反之則設在梁底以下的柱段內(nèi)。接頭位置應符合規(guī)范或設計關(guān)于鋼筋連接的要求。其它未連通的柱筋、梁筋尚應滿足各自的錨固要求。節(jié)點處理應從鋼筋下料長度開始，各種構(gòu)件截面內(nèi)的鋼筋彎起方向、長度等均應事先考慮周全，盡量避免節(jié)點處鋼筋過密。 3.1 node processing: steel pillar box at the top of the nodes tend to be dense, should do well the construction measures to ensure the quality of the concrete pouring. To improve reinforced dense conditions as far as possible, but the upper reinforcement beam (YiQu reinforced) in the first row and the skin at the end of the longitudinal reinforcement mechanical connection; When the column longitudinal reinforcement large diameter reinforcement beam diameter, within the joint in beam; Conversely in beam under the bottom of column section. Joint location should conform to the requirements of the specification or design of reinforced connection. Other column reinforcement, not connected beam reinforcement is should satisfy their anchorage requirements. Node treatment should be started, length of reinforced material under various components within the cross section of reinforced bending direction, length, etc. Shall be thoughtful in advance and try to avoid node reinforcement. 3.2 鋼筋綁扎：框支梁上層鋼筋垂直錨固長度超過梁高度的，以及下層部分向下彎的鋼筋先行綁扎，然后將其固定就位，確保在澆筑砼時不發(fā)生位移。待三層局部柱、墻板砼澆筑完畢后，再幫扎板筋，嚴格按照設計要求將綁扎接頭錯開。 3.2 steel binding: box beam top bars vertical anchorage length over the beam height, and tie down the lower part of curved steel bar, and then should be fixed in place, to ensure that at the time of pouring concrete on them. Three layer partial columns, wall plate after the completion of concrete casting, again for plate reinforcement, in strict accordance with the design requirements will stagger binding joint. 　　3.3 鋼筋連接時應采用機械連接，上層剪力墻插筋應采用幫扎固定，嚴禁與框支梁框支柱的受力鋼筋焊接（或點焊）。 3.3 steel bar connection should use mechanical connection, the upper shear wall steel dowel should be adopted to help firm fixation, with no box beam frame pillar's stress steel welding (spot welding). 　　3.4 對各種預留洞應嚴格按照設計要求進行加固，安裝專業(yè)的管線敷設應盡量避免個別位置過度集中的情況出現(xiàn)，要確保不影響砼的澆注質(zhì)量。 3.4 of all the reserved hole should be in strict accordance with the design requirements for reinforcement, professional installation of pipeline laying should avoid excessive concentration of individual position, to ensure that does not affect the pouring of the concrete quality. 　　4 砼澆筑 Four concrete casting 　　4.1 由于設計要求框支梁采用剛纖維砼，框支柱和樓板則采用普通砼，這給現(xiàn)場施工縫的留置和處理造成了一定的困難。為了確保框支梁、框支柱砼的澆筑質(zhì)量，經(jīng)過設計同意，在盡量減少施工縫的前提下，框支梁鋼纖維砼澆注到板底10cm處，可設置水平施工縫。 4.1 due to the design requirements for box beam using just fiber concrete, normal concrete frame pillar and floor is used, it gives the construction joint indwelling and handling has caused some difficulties. To make sure that the frame beam, pillar box concrete casting quality, agree through design, on the decrease as far as possible under the premise of construction joint, box joist steel fiber concrete pouring to the plate bottom 10 cm, can be set up horizontal construction joints. 　　4.2 在不同標號砼交接處安裝鋼絲網(wǎng)片分隔，確保低標號砼不流入框支構(gòu)件內(nèi)。編排好不同標號砼的輸送順序和方量，采用不同的輸送泵輸送。 4.2 install the wire mesh in different grade concrete junction space, to ensure that the low strength concrete does not flow into the box component. Layout and sequence for different grade concrete volume, different pump delivery. 　　4.3 由于框支梁鋼筋多且密集，對砼澆筑帶來很大難度，所以考慮先將三層局部框支柱、墻板砼澆至框支梁底20cm處，待上部框支梁鋼筋綁扎結(jié)束，框支梁施工逢以下砼與三層部位墻板、柱、板砼分別澆筑。 4.3 because the box beam reinforcement and more intensive, to bring great difficulty to concrete casting, so consider the first three layers of local pillar box, wallboard concrete pouring to box beam bottom 20 cm, stay the upper box beam and steel binding end, box beam construction team for the following concrete with the three parts of the wall plate, column, slab concrete pouring, respectively. 　　4.4 由于框支梁鋼筋籠自重較重，梁底無法采用普通的保護層墊塊支撐，經(jīng)設計同意后，采用與梁筋同直徑的短鋼筋段，作為墊塊幫扎到梁筋外邊緣，但應注意作為墊塊鋼筋段的不應過長（約20cm左右），嚴禁沿梁寬方向通長鋪墊。 4.4 because the box beam reinforcing cage the heavier weight, beam bottom cannot adopt common protective layer pad support, after the approval of the design, use and the diameter of the beam reinforced with short steel section, as a block to help firm to beam reinforcement outside edge, but should pay attention to as a block of steel should not be too long (20 cm), it is forbidden to pass along beam breadth direction long. 　　4.5 對澆注完成的構(gòu)件應及時覆蓋澆水養(yǎng)護，確保養(yǎng)護時間不少于14天。澆水養(yǎng)護時，應同時對板、梁、柱等構(gòu)件進行養(yǎng)護。 4.5 to pouring completed components should cover water conservation, in time to ensure that the maintenance time is not less than 14 days. Water conservation, and artifacts for maintenance on plates, beams, columns, etc. 　　經(jīng)過精心的組織，嚴格的控制，轉(zhuǎn)換層的觀感和實測質(zhì)量均完成的比較理想，根據(jù)高層綜合樓建筑功能的需要，選擇適宜的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換層，不但可以節(jié)省材料用量，節(jié)省建造費用。同時靈活的將建筑與結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)一，實現(xiàn)建筑使用功能和優(yōu)美觀感的和諧發(fā)展。 Passes elaborate organization, strict control of the look and feel of the conversion layer and measured quality finish of the ideal, according to the needs of high-rise complex building construction features and choose appropriate transformation layer structure, not only can save the material usage, save construction costs. Flexible unifying architecture and structure at the same time, realize the harmonious development of the building use function and beautiful look and feel.