探析太陽能技術在建筑設計中的應用

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論文摘要: 能源是人類社會求生存和發(fā)展的物質基礎，而以石油、煤炭等為基礎的常規(guī)能源體系曾經(jīng)極大程度的推動并促進了人類社會的發(fā)展，但這些常規(guī)的能源體系的過度開發(fā)直接導致了環(huán)境污染，為了可持續(xù)發(fā)展，我們應該充分開發(fā)和利用潔凈能源。

Abstract: the energy is the material basis of human society strives for the survival and development, and based on oil, coal and other conventional energy system was greatly promote and promote the development of human society, but the conventional energy system's excessive development directly led to the pollution of the environment, in order to sustainable development, we should make full development and utilization of clean energy. 　　一、可持續(xù)發(fā)展太陽能在未來能源結構中的地位 A sustainable development, the status of solar energy in the future energy structure 　　國際能源機構預測，經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展離不開資源，目前全世界最常用的還是化石類能源，但隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，煤炭和石油需求量越來越大，終有一天會枯竭。不同能源機構對世界能源供應情況的預測數(shù)據(jù)各有所不同，但基本結論都是相似的。即全世界的煤炭只能用220年，在未來短時期內化石類能源在能源供給結構站占據(jù)很大的比例，但隨著科學技術的發(fā)展，可再生能源將逐漸替代化石類能源，并在2030之后開始逐漸進入大規(guī)模應用，隨著經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)發(fā)展，可再生能源將在能源資源中占據(jù)越來越大的比例。與有限的化石燃料能源相比，太陽能堪稱最為理想的可再生能源之一。隨著太陽的輻射輸出，光子能量完全可以轉換成各種人類需要的能源。尤其是光能轉換為最常見也是最高級的電能，而電能則可以轉化為動能、熱能等其它形式的能源。也就是我們只要充分利用自然界中最豐富的太陽能，完全可以滿足人類的生活和生產(chǎn)需求。 The international energy agency predicted that the development of economy is dependent on the resources, currently the world's most commonly used or fossil energy, but with the development of economy, coal and oil demand is more and more big, will one day dry up. Different energy agency for the world's energy supply situation forecast data for each is different, but the basic conclusion is similar. That coal can only be used around the world in 220, a short period of time in the future fossil energy stand occupy large proportion in the energy supply structure, but with the development of science and technology, renewable energy will gradually replace fossil energy, and began to gradually enter the large-scale application, after 2030, with the sustained development of economy, renewable energy will occupy a larger and larger proportion in energy sources. Compared with the limited fossil fuel energy, solar energy is one of the ideal renewable energy. With the sun's radiation output, photon energy can completely convert energy of various kinds of human needs. Especially the light energy is converted to the most common is the highest level of energy, while energy can be converted into kinetic energy and heat energy, and other forms of energy. , that is, as long as we make full use of the most abundant in the nature of solar energy, can completely meet the demand of human life and production. 　　二、太陽能被充分利用的必然性 Second, the solar energy is make full use of inevitability 　　現(xiàn)代工業(yè)革命開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代文明，然而它都是建立在大規(guī)模開采和使用化石燃料的基礎上的。“石油是工業(yè)的血液，煤是工業(yè)的糧食”是這一現(xiàn)狀的最好詮釋?；剂献鳛椴豢稍偕茉矗暗拇笠?guī)模開采和使用，已使化石資源日益枯竭，它已逐漸不能滿足日益增長的經(jīng)濟需求，還誘發(fā)了不少國家之間、區(qū)域之間的政治經(jīng)濟糾紛，甚至引起沖突和局部戰(zhàn)爭。雖然我國礦物能源資源的儲量是比較豐富，然而人均能源資源只有世界人均能源資源的二分之一左右。從能源消費結構來看， 我國是世界上最大的煤炭消費國，而根據(jù)大概的估計，我國的煤炭資源只能開采80年，而石油資源只能開采20年。1997年我國正式成為了《京都議定書》簽約國，但其影響和約束，限排壓力很大。我國的火力發(fā)電，尤其是煤炭發(fā)電極大程度的受到了限制。隨后我國也正式加入WTO，我國的經(jīng)濟迎來了一個新的機遇，同時我國也正式步入了工業(yè)化中期，即重化工業(yè)階段，其能源需求量和消耗量也將快速的增長。從環(huán)境保護方面來講，化石能源的利用已造成了嚴重的環(huán)境污染，溫室效應、酸雨等環(huán)境問題接踵而來，尤其是溫室效應是全人類所面臨的環(huán)境問題。為了可持續(xù)發(fā)展我們必須尋求新的可再生的綠色能源，太陽能作為自然界最豐富的潔凈能源，而我國全年輻射總量為917—2333kW•h/m2，是世界上太陽能資源豐富的國家之一，因此太陽能是我國可再生能源的首選。 Modern industrial revolution began the modern civilization, but it is built on the basis of large-scale mining and the use of fossil fuels. "Oil is the blood of industry, coal is the food of industry" is the best interpretation of the status quo. Before fossil fuels as nonrenewable energy sources, the large-scale mining and use, has made fossil resource increasingly drying up, it has gradually can not meet the increasing demand, they cause a lot of disputes between countries, regional political and economic, and even lead to conflicts and local wars. Although mineral energy resources reserves are more abundant in our country, however, per capita energy resources only about half of the world's energy resources per capita. From the point of energy consumption structure, our country is the world's largest coal consumer, according to estimates, probably only mining of coal resources in our country in 80, while oil resources only 20 years. In 1997 officially became a signatory to the Kyoto protocol, in our country, but its influence and constraints, limited to a lot of pressure. China's thermal power, especially coal greatly limited. Then China also officially joined the WTO, our country's economy ushered in a new opportunity, at the same time the country has formally entered the mid-term of industrialization, the stage of heavy industry, its energy demand and consumption also will rapid growth. From the aspects of environmental protection, the use of fossil fuels has caused serious environmental pollution, the greenhouse effect, acid rain and other environmental problems, especially the greenhouse effect is the environmental problems faced by mankind. In order to sustainable development we must seek new renewable green energy, solar energy as one of nature's most abundant clean energy, and the annual amount of radiation is 917-2333 - kw • h/m2, is one of the country is rich in solar energy resources in the world, so solar is the first choice for renewable energy in China. 　　三、太陽能的利用方式 Third, the use of solar energy 　　目前太陽能的利用方式可分為光-熱轉換、光-電轉換、光-化學轉換。其中最成熟的就是光-熱轉化和光-電轉化。而光-化學轉換尚處于研究開發(fā)階段，這種技術包括半導體電極產(chǎn)生電而電解水產(chǎn)生氧，利用氫氧化鈣或重金屬氫化物熱分解儲能形式。太陽能制氫問題解決了，才有真正意義上的氫利用，這將是引起時代的變革 At present the use of solar energy way can be divided into light - heat conversion, optical - electrical conversion, optical and chemical conversion. One of the most mature is light - heat conversion and light - electric transforming. And light - chemical conversion was still in the stage of research and development, the technology including the semiconductor electrode to produce electricity and oxygen generated by the electrolysis of water, using the thermal decomposition of calcium hydroxide or heavy metal hydride storage form. Solar hydrogen production problem is solved, just have the true sense of hydrogen utilization, it will be cause changes of The Times 四、太陽能在建筑設計中的應用 Four, the application of solar energy in architecture design 　　目前建筑業(yè)是經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要產(chǎn)業(yè)，也是消耗能源較多的行業(yè)。尤其是現(xiàn)在住宅不僅僅是一個遮風避雨的場所，人們所追求的是建立在自然環(huán)境持續(xù)和諧發(fā)展基礎上的優(yōu)越的生活環(huán)境，即建筑中充分利用綠色能源、盡可能的減少建筑的能源消耗，在保護環(huán)境的根本前提下盡可能的因地制宜，合理利用當?shù)氐膬?yōu)勢條件發(fā)展合宜建筑。 太陽能作為綠色潔凈能源的使用對建筑行業(yè)來說是一種全新的發(fā)展思路。目前太陽能在建筑設計中的應用主要有太陽能發(fā)電、太陽能熱水器、太陽能空調及太陽能暖氣等，至于太陽能發(fā)電在建筑中的應用因其技術限制，導致造價太高，不太適合廣泛的推廣。下面我們將著重論述太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)。 太陽能熱水器是太陽能技術在建筑設計中應用的最廣泛的綠色能源。太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)主要是由太陽能集熱系統(tǒng)和熱水供應系統(tǒng)構成，包括了太陽集熱器、貯水箱、循環(huán)管道、支架、控制系統(tǒng)、熱交換器、水泵設備和福建。其中太陽能集熱系統(tǒng)又是太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)特有的組成部分，是太陽能是否能得到合理利用的關鍵。那么怎樣充分利用太陽能，充分發(fā)揮太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)的功效呢？ Current construction is an important industry of economic development, but also more energy consumption industry. Especially now that residence is more than just a place offered shelter, people's pursuit of sustained harmonious development is based on the natural environment on the basis of the superior living environment, make full use of green energy in the building, as far as possible to reduce building energy consumption, the fundamental premise of protecting the environment as much as possible, adjust measures to local conditions, reasonable utilization of the advantages of local development appropriate architecture. The use of solar energy as a green clean energy for the construction industry is a kind of brand-new development idea. Currently solar energy application in building design mainly include solar power, solar water heater, solar air conditioning and central heating, etc., as for the solar power application in the building because of its technical limitations, lead to cost is too high, not suitable for a wide range of promotion. Now we will focus on solar hot water system. Solar energy water heater solar energy technology in architectural design is one of the most widely used in the green energy. Solar hot water system is mainly composed of solar heating system and hot water supply system, including the solar collector, storage tank, circulating pipelines, bracket, control system, heat exchanger, pump equipment and fujian. The solar heating system and solar hot water system characteristic of the component, is the key to whether solar can get reasonable use. So how to make full use of solar energy, give full play to the effect of solar hot water system? 　　第一，首先我們在思維上要接受綠色建筑的概念，在建筑設計階段就要把潔凈能源的創(chuàng)意和思維與建筑的設計相結合。 First, first of all we want to accept the concept of green building in thinking, in the construction design stage to the clean energy ideas and thinking combined with architectural design. 　　第二，前面提到太陽能集熱系統(tǒng)是太陽能利用的關鍵，因此我們在建筑設計中要運用太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)的話，我們首先要做的就是尊重權威的質檢部門出局的檢測報告，在結合數(shù)據(jù)中的性能參數(shù)，再根據(jù)建筑物所在地的太陽能資源與氣象條件進行優(yōu)化設計，確保太陽能集熱系統(tǒng)的長期穩(wěn)定運行。 Second, previously mentioned solar heating system is the key to solar, so we want to use of solar hot water system in the architectural design, we first need to do is to respect the authority of the quality department inspection report, in combination with the data of performance parameter, then according to the building is located to optimize design of solar energy resources and weather conditions, ensure the long-term stable operation of the solar system. 　　第三，太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)已形成了成熟的理論系統(tǒng)和實際構照，但很多傳統(tǒng)的建筑沒有給太陽能熱水器預留空間。這會阻礙太陽能熱水器的推廣和發(fā)展，因此在設計建筑時要充分考慮到太陽能熱水器預留空間。第四，為保證太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)的設計合理，建筑設計單位和太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)設計單位都應共同參與設計。同時太陽能熱水器的安裝應該要滿足建筑功能和建筑防護要求，做到太陽能熱水器和建筑有機結合，與周圍環(huán)境想?yún)f(xié)調?？偨Y：建筑是國民經(jīng)濟的主要支柱，而能源也是國民經(jīng)濟的命脈。隨著常規(guī)能源的日益枯竭和因過度開發(fā)帶來的系列環(huán)境問題，我們應該堅持走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，加快技術研究，充分開發(fā)和利用太陽能。 Third, solar hot water system has been formed a mature theory system and the actual structure, but a lot of traditional architecture there is no space reserved for the solar water heater. Would hinder promotion and development of solar water heater, therefore in the architectural design should fully consider the solar energy water heater when the reserved space. Fourth, in order to ensure the solar hot water system design is reasonable, the architectural design unit and solar water heating system design should be jointly participate in the design. At the same time, the solar water heater installed should meet the requirements of architectural function and protection, achieve organic combination of solar water heater and architecture, with the surrounding environment to coordinate. Conclusion: architecture is the main pillar of the national economy, and energy is the lifeblood of the national economy. As conventional energy depletion and because of the excessive development brings a series of environmental problems, we should adhere to the road of sustainable development, accelerating technological research, full development and utilization of solar energy.