淺論建筑工程防水技術(shù)

申請免費(fèi)試用、咨詢電話：400-8352-114

 摘要：本文主要闡述防水材料概述，施工前的準(zhǔn)備工作，施工過程的質(zhì)量控制，防水施工的重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目以及質(zhì)量檢查等問題。

Abstract: this article mainly elaborated waterproof materials, the preparation before construction, the construction process of quality control, waterproofing construction of key projects, as well as quality inspection, etc. 　　關(guān)鍵詞：建筑；防水；施工；質(zhì)量 Keywords: building construction; Waterproof; Construction; The quality 　 　　隨著我國生活條件的不斷提高，人們非常重視居住環(huán)境的防水情況，在建筑工程中，防水工作是一項(xiàng)重要的工程內(nèi)容，關(guān)系到建筑工程的質(zhì)量問題，使用的條件和衛(wèi)生條件，防水工程的好壞直接影響到人們居住、生活質(zhì)量等方面。我國建筑材料的不斷發(fā)展，很多新型的建筑防水材料及在建筑工程中的應(yīng)用都得到了快速的發(fā)展，并朝著單層、冷施工的方向快速發(fā)展。因此，研究建筑工程的防水技術(shù)，對提高建筑工程質(zhì)量意義重大。 With the continuous improvement of living conditions in our country, people attaches great importance to the waterproof case, of living environment in the construction engineering, waterproof work content is an important project, related to the quality problem of the construction project, using condition and health condition, waterproof engineering quality directly affect the people living, quality of life, etc. The continuous development of building materials in our country, many new building waterproof material and its application in construction engineering has been rapid development, and rapid development in the direction of the monolayer, cold construction. Therefore, the research construction waterproof technology, is of great significance to improve the quality of construction projects. 　　1概述 1 overview 　　在建筑工程中，防水材料是建筑工程的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，是決定建筑物與構(gòu)建物防止雨水侵入和地下水等水分滲透的主要屏障，防水材料的好壞對防水工程的影響很大，必須高度重視，從防水的材料來研究防水的問題。 In construction engineering, waterproof materials is an important material foundation of building engineering, is decided to building and construction to prevent moisture infiltration rainwater intrusion and groundwater, etc the main barrier, waterproof material impact on the quality of waterproof engineering, must attach great importance to and from waterproof material to study the problem. 　　1.1剛性防水材料：防水混凝土既有結(jié)構(gòu)層，又有防水層的功效。防水原理是因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件混凝土本身具有密實(shí)度，再有一些構(gòu)造措施達(dá)到結(jié)構(gòu)自防水的目的。這類材料的施工準(zhǔn)備具體 1.1 rigid waterproof material, waterproof concrete layer of existing structures, the effect of the waterproof layer. Because waterproof principle component itself has the compactness of concrete structure, and some structural measures to achieve the purpose of the waterproof structure. This kind of material of construction for concrete 　　1.1.1作業(yè)條件。在完成鋼筋以及模版的檢查后，開始預(yù)檢的驗(yàn)收工作，應(yīng)在檢查、預(yù)檢中應(yīng)該檢查穿墻螺栓和設(shè)備管道以及施工縫等部位的質(zhì)量工作，預(yù)埋件因在防水混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)該檢查是否已完成防水處理，要提前編制施工方案并且要試驗(yàn)確定后，方案才能通過。 1.1.1 operating conditions. After finish the inspection of the steel bar and the template, began to preview the acceptance of work, should be in the inspection, the preview should check through-wall bolts and pipeline equipment and construction joint and other parts of the quality of work, embedded parts for in waterproof concrete structure, should check whether the waterproof processing has been completed and the construction scheme and to test ahead of time, after the confirmation of package. 　　1.1.2材料要求。①水泥:應(yīng)用不低于32.5級的硅酸鹽水泥、普通硅酸鹽水泥，也可以用礦渣硅酸鹽水泥；②砂子：應(yīng)該用中砂，含泥量不大于3%，泥塊含量不得大于1.0%；③石子:應(yīng)該用卵石，最大粒徑為5～40mm，含泥量不大于1.0%，泥塊含量不得太大；④摻和料：其摻量應(yīng)該由實(shí)驗(yàn)確定，等級符合規(guī)范要求。 1.1.2 material requirements. 1) cement: not less than 32.5 Portland cement, ordinary Portland cement, slag Portland cement is also used for; (2) sand: should use medium sand, silt content is not more than 3%, soil content shall not be greater than 1.0%; (3) stones: should use the pebble, the biggest diameter is 5 ~ 40 mm, silt content is not more than 1.0%, content of soil, not too big; (4) admixture, the dosage should be determined by experiment, conform to the requirements of the specification. 　　1.2卷材防水材料： 瀝青防水卷材是用原紙，纖維織物等胎體材料滲涂瀝青，表面撒布粉狀，粒粉或片狀材料制成的可以卷曲的片狀防水材料。石油瀝青紙是我國傳統(tǒng)的防水材料，目前在屋面工程中仍然占主要地位。它具有低溫柔性好，防水層耐用年限短，價(jià)格低的特性。在地下防水層施工時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)叵滤惠^高時(shí)，鋪貼防水層前應(yīng)該降低地下水，地下水位到防水層底標(biāo)高下30cm，并保持到防水層施工完成；鋪貼防水層的基層表面應(yīng)將塵土雜物清掃干凈，表面殘留的灰漿硬塊及突出部分應(yīng)該清除干凈，不得有空鼓、開裂、起砂的現(xiàn)象；防水層所用的卷材、基層處理劑、屬于易燃物品，應(yīng)該單獨(dú)存放，遠(yuǎn)離火源，做好防火工作。卷材防水材料的材料要求必須符合規(guī)范，必須有出廠質(zhì)量合格證，有相應(yīng)資質(zhì)等級檢測部門出具的檢測報(bào)告。卷材防水層空鼓，發(fā)生在找平層與卷材之間，且多在卷材接縫處，其原因是找平層不干燥，汗水率大，空氣排除不徹底，卷材沒有粘結(jié)牢固；滲漏多發(fā)生在管根、地漏、形變縫等處，伸縮縫沒有斷開，造成防水層撕裂，其他部位由于粘結(jié)不牢固也有可能發(fā)生滲漏，施工中應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)檢查，認(rèn)真操作。 1.2 coiled material waterproof material, asphalt waterproof coiled material is made of base paper, tire body material such as fabric permeability bitumen coating, surface spraying powder, the granule powder or flake materials can be curled sheet made of waterproof materials. Petroleum asphalt paper is China's traditional waterproof material, at present still dominate in the roofing construction. It has good low temperature flexible, waterproof layer service life is short, prices low. In underground waterproof layer construction, local water level is higher, the shop is stuck before waterproof layer should reduce the groundwater, ground water level to the bottom elevation of the waterproof layer under 30 cm, and keep to the waterproof layer construction completion; Floor waterproof layer of surface dust sundry cleaning shall be clean at the grassroots level surface residue mortar lump and highlight the parts should be clean and shall not be free drum, crack, sand phenomenon; Waterproof coiled material, used in the basic level agents, belong to flammable items, should be stored separately, away from the fire source, completes the fire prevention work. Coiled material waterproof material requirements must conform to the specification, must have the factory quality certificate, have the corresponding qualification level detection department to issue the inspection report. Coiled material waterproof layer empty drum, occurred between the leveling layer with the coil, and seams in the coil, the reason is that the leveling layer is not dry, sweat rate, air out incomplete, strong coil not binding; Leakage occurs in the tube deformation seam root, floor drain, etc., expansion joints have no disconnect, causing membrane tearing, other parts due to the bonding is not strong also have leakage may occur, the construction should be strengthened in the examination, serious operation. 　　1.3高分子合成材料：涂膜防水材料 合成高分子防水材料是以合成橡膠或合成樹脂為主要成膜物質(zhì)，加入其他輔助材料配制而成的單組份或多組分防水涂料。與常用的材料相比，顯得比較新型。 1.3 high polymer synthetic materials, coating waterproof materials synthetic polymer waterproof material is a synthetic rubber or synthetic resin as the main film-forming material, made from joining other auxiliary materials of one-component or multicomponent waterproof coating. Compared with the commonly used material, appear to be new. 　　1.3.1材質(zhì)的要求 由于雙組分、多組分聚氨脂防水涂料含有大量有機(jī)溶劑，對環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重，在某些方面遭到禁止使用，因此使用單組分聚氨脂防水涂料，這類涂料是以聚醚為主要原料，配以各種助劑制成，屬于無有機(jī)溶劑揮發(fā)的單組分柔性涂料，其固體含量低強(qiáng)度高延伸率大于80%，拉伸強(qiáng)度大于1.9%。 1.3.1 material requirements because of the bicomponent, multicomponent polyurethane waterproof coating with high organic solvent to the environment pollution is serious, in some ways have been banned, so using one-component polyurethane waterproof coating, this coating based on polyether as the main raw material, match with various additives, which belongs to no organic solvent volatilization of single-component flexible coatings, the solid content and low intensity Gao Yanshen rate greater than 80%, the tensile strength is greater than 1.9%. 　　1.3.2材質(zhì)成品的保護(hù) 涂膜防水層操作過程中，工作人員要穿平底鞋作業(yè)。涂膜防水施工時(shí)，不得污染其他部位的墻地面。涂膜防水層施工后，要嚴(yán)格加以保護(hù)，任何人不得進(jìn)入，也不得在上面堆放雜物，以免損壞防水層。防水保護(hù)層施工時(shí)，不得在防水層上拌砂漿，鋪砂漿時(shí)鐵棒不得觸及防水層，不得損壞防水層。 1.3.2 material finished product protection coating waterproof layer in the process of operation, staff should wear flat shoes. Coating, waterproof construction shall not pollute the other parts of the wall to the ground. After coating waterproof layer construction, must be strictly protected, anyone shall not enter, nor, in the above debris piled up so as not to damage the membrane. Waterproof layer construction, not on the waterproof mortar, mortar shop with iron bars shall not touch the waterproof layer, waterproof layer shall not be damaged. 　2準(zhǔn)備工作 2 preparation 　　2.1實(shí)行技術(shù)告知和樣板施工制度。(1)施工前,應(yīng)對施工作業(yè)人員進(jìn)行全面的技術(shù)告之,使施工作業(yè)人員對防水施工的工藝和重點(diǎn)部位的處理措施都有所了解。(2)大面積正式施工之前,還應(yīng)先進(jìn)行樣板的施工,使施工作業(yè)人員對施工工藝有更深的認(rèn)識,并在樣板的施工中提前發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,預(yù)防預(yù)控,以免影響整個(gè)防水工程的質(zhì)量。 2.1 implement technology to inform and model construction system. (1) before construction, construction homework personnel to conduct a comprehensive technology to deal with, make construction homework personnel of waterproof construction technology and key parts of the processing steps are. (2) the area before the formal construction, should look for model construction, also make the construction workers to the construction process have a deeper understanding of, and found the problem in advance, in the model construction of prevention and control counter, so as not to affect the quality of waterproof engineering. 　　2.2基層處理。防水層是依附于結(jié)構(gòu)基層的,其質(zhì)量好壞將直接影響防水層的質(zhì)量,因此在防水層施工之前應(yīng)先對基層進(jìn)行處理。一般基層應(yīng)做到堅(jiān)實(shí)、平整、表面無起砂、起皮、裂縫和積水,含水率符合規(guī)范的要求,轉(zhuǎn)角部位還應(yīng)做成圓弧,陰角直徑宜大于50mm,陽角直徑宜大于10mm。對于卷材等需要涂刷基層處理劑的,應(yīng)控制基層處理劑涂刷的時(shí)間,一般允許提前半天進(jìn)行。 2.2 basic level processing. The waterproof layer is attached to the base structure, and its quality is good or bad will directly affect the quality of the waterproof layer, so before the waterproof layer construction should be handled at the base. General base should be a solid, flat, surface dusting, peeling, cracks and no water, the moisture content accord with the requirement of specification, arc corner part should also make it, the shade diameter should be greater than 50 mm, Yang Angle should be greater than 10 mm in diameter. To coil etc need to besmear to brush the primary treatment, should control at the grass-roots level coating treatment for the time, generally allows for half a day in advance. 　　2.3防水材料的準(zhǔn)備。我們應(yīng)該在施工前嚴(yán)格對防水材料的質(zhì)量進(jìn)行把關(guān)。優(yōu)先選用廠家信譽(yù)好、材料品質(zhì)好的企業(yè)來供應(yīng)防水材料,而不能貪圖便宜,使用劣質(zhì)的防水材料,到頭來反而得不償失。防水材料使用前,還必須要按照國家相應(yīng)規(guī)范的要求對防水材料的強(qiáng)度、延伸率等性能進(jìn)行抽檢,以確保防水材料的質(zhì)量。 2.3 waterproof material preparation. We should be strict in the quality of waterproof material before construction to check. Preferable manufacturer good credit, the enterprise to supply with good quality waterproof materials, not covet is cheap, use inferior waterproof materials, in the end it do more harm than good. Waterproof material before use, also must be in accordance with the requirements of the corresponding specifications of waterproof material properties such as strength and elongation of sampling inspection, to ensure the quality of waterproof material. 　　3施工質(zhì)量控制 3 construction quality control 　　以聚合物水泥防水涂料為例,說明質(zhì)量控制要點(diǎn): Polymer cement waterproof coating, for example, explain quality control points: 　　3.1施工材料配置:嚴(yán)格按照廠家提供的配合比,把液料、粉料加水進(jìn)行調(diào)制,水的填加量可適量調(diào)節(jié),以調(diào)整涂料的粘稠度,以滿足立面和平面不同施工部位的施工要求。漿液須攪拌均勻,保證無結(jié)塊,拌和好的漿液應(yīng)在3h內(nèi)用完。各層涂料應(yīng)分別按照對應(yīng)的配比進(jìn)行配置,不得混淆使用。 3.1 construction materials configuration: in strict accordance with the manufacturer to provide the mixture ratio, liquid, powder and water of modulation, add quantity of water may be a control, to adjust the viscosity of paint, in order to meet the different elevation and plane construction site construction requirements. Grout shall stir well, guarantee without aggregation and mixing good slurry should be finished within 3 h. Each layer of paint should be carried out in accordance with the corresponding proportion respectively configuration, shall not be confused. 　　3.2細(xì)部附加層施工:應(yīng)先做細(xì)部附加層的施工,然后再進(jìn)行大面防水涂料的施工。細(xì)部施工時(shí)應(yīng)先對管根等部位填充石膏,密封材料應(yīng)壓嵌嚴(yán)密,并與縫壁粘結(jié)牢固,不得有開裂、鼓泡和塌陷的現(xiàn)象。在地漏、管根、陰陽角和出入口等易發(fā)生漏水的薄弱部位,應(yīng)加一層胎體增強(qiáng)材料,材料寬度不小于300mm,搭接寬度不小于100mm。 3.2 detail additional layer construction: details of additional layer construction, should do first and then to bedding face of waterproof coating construction. Detail construction should first fill in areas such as gypsum, the roots of tube sealing material should be pressed tightly embedded, and with strong seam wall binding, can not have crack, bubble and collapse phenomenon. In floor drain, pipe, Angle of Yin and Yang, and prone to leakage, such as weak positions, should add a layer of tire body reinforced material, the material width is not less than 300 mm, lap width not less than 100 mm. 　　3.3施工時(shí)應(yīng)注意每次涂刷的時(shí)間間隔,須待前一次涂刷的漿體干燥后方可進(jìn)行下一次涂刷,一般為8小時(shí)左右。多遍涂刷,直到達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求厚度,每遍涂刷方向應(yīng)與前一遍涂刷方向垂直。 3.3 should be paid attention to during the construction of coating intervals each time, must wait until a brushing slurry dry rear can besmear next time, generally for eight hours or so. Thickness of coating, until meet the design requirements, every time brushing should from the previous time brushing direction perpendicular direction. 　　4重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目的施工 Four key projects construction 　　4.1地下室外墻后澆帶。后澆帶防水是外墻防水施工的關(guān)鍵,如果措施不當(dāng),將對整個(gè)外墻的防水質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生很大的影響?？刹捎迷诤鬂矌Р课患釉O(shè)預(yù)制鋼筋混凝土蓋板的方式,將防水材料施工于蓋板上,從而使防水層形成一個(gè)整體。 4.1 the basement exterior wall latter pouring belt. Waterproof is the key to the exterior wall waterproof construction of post-cast strip, if improper measures, will be a large impact on the quality of the exterior wall waterproof. Can be used in the casting zone site added a precast reinforced concrete cover plate, the waterproof construction on the cover, so that the waterproof layer to form a whole. 　　4.2底板與側(cè)墻連接部位。由于底板與側(cè)墻不是同時(shí)澆筑的,因此如何做好防水卷材的保護(hù)和搭接是該部位防水施工的重點(diǎn)。施工時(shí),可采用砌筑永久保護(hù)墻的方式,先空鋪施工防水卷材附加層,然后在附加層上再做一層防水卷材,兩層防水卷材之間采用滿粘法。在結(jié)構(gòu)底板標(biāo)高的位置先甩出卷材接茬的長度,一般不小于300mm,并采取覆土或虛砌3皮磚的方式對防水卷材進(jìn)行保護(hù)。底板施工完畢后,將甩茬的防水卷材表面清理干凈,再與上部防水卷材進(jìn)行搭接,搭接長度不小于100mm。 4.2 the bottom plate and side wall connection. Due to the bottom and side wall is not at the same time casting, so how to do waterproofing protection and lap joint is the key of the waterproof construction of each part of the body. When construction, can adopt the way of building permanent protection wall, empty shop construction waterproofing additional layer first, then do again on the additional layer of a layer of waterproofing materials, between the two layers of waterproof coiled material with glue method. In elevation of the base structure position to throw the length of the coil summer-planting, generally not less than 300 mm, and take turns the soil or virtual 3 skin brick build by laying bricks or stones to protect waterproofing materials. Floor construction is completed, will jilt crop of waterproofing materials surface is clean, again with the upper waterproofing materials for lap, lap length not less than 100 mm. 　　5質(zhì)量檢查 5 quality inspection 　　質(zhì)量檢查是最后一道工序，必須嚴(yán)格按照規(guī)范的要求進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢查的程序,爭取能提前發(fā)現(xiàn)防水施工中的不足之處,對可能存在滲漏的地方進(jìn)行修補(bǔ)。一般的質(zhì)量檢查工作包括外觀、搭接長度、防水層厚度等的檢查和閉水試驗(yàn)，確保工程質(zhì)量。 Quality inspection is the last procedure, must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the specification quality inspection procedures, can strive for ahead of time found in waterproof construction deficiencies, to repair where possible leakage. General quality inspection work including appearance, lap length, waterproof layer thickness inspection and closed water test, to ensure the engineering quality.