探析馬尾松栽培管理技術(shù)

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 馬尾松(Pinusmassonianalamb. )是我國(guó)分布最廣、數(shù)量最多的一種松樹(shù),在南方各省森林蓄積量中,馬尾松占一半以上。馬尾松喜光,要求溫暖濕潤(rùn)的氣候,對(duì)土壤要求不嚴(yán),能在石礫土、沙質(zhì)土、粘土、山脊及巖石裸露的石縫里都能生長(zhǎng)。忌水澇,不耐鹽堿,喜酸性和微酸性土壤, pH值4. 5-6. 5生長(zhǎng)最好。在鈣質(zhì)土和石灰?guī)r風(fēng)化的土壤上往往生長(zhǎng)不良。

  Masson pine (Pinusmassonianalamb.) is the most widely distributed in China, the largest number of a pine tree, in the south of the provincial forest stock volume of pinus massoniana accounts for more than half. Pinus massoniana is fond of light to warm and humid climate, the soil is relaxed, can in the fertile soil, sandy soil, clay, ridge and rock bare can grow in the blades. Avoid flooding, alkali, acid and acidic soil, pH 4. 5 and 6. 5 best growth. In calcareous soil and limestone weathering of poor soils tend to growth.        管店林業(yè)總場(chǎng)是安徽省最大的國(guó)有林場(chǎng),現(xiàn)經(jīng)營(yíng)總面積25萬(wàn)余畝,有林地面積近20萬(wàn)畝,其中馬尾松林13萬(wàn)畝,占有林地的65%,筆者通過(guò)近十多年的栽培觀察和逐步摸索,體會(huì)到通過(guò)以下具體措施對(duì)促進(jìn)馬尾松生長(zhǎng),增加單位面積產(chǎn)量有明顯作用,有利于提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。   Pipe shop forestry PLD is one of the largest state-owned forest farm of anhui province, is now operating with a total area of 250000 mu, forestland area of nearly 200000 mu, the horsetail pine forest 130000 mu, accounts for 65% of forest land, the author observes through nearly 10 years of cultivation and gradually grope, realized through the following measures to promote the growth of pinus massoniana, and increase the yield per unit area has obvious effect, is helpful to improve the economic benefit.        1　馬尾松的造林技術(shù)   1 masson pine afforestation techniques        1. 1　造林地的選擇   1. The selection of planting area        馬尾松造林地不宜大面積集中連片,要根據(jù)樹(shù)種特性和立地條件,因地制宜,合理布局,使之與闊葉樹(shù)混交,既有利于水土保持和改善森林生態(tài)環(huán)境,又有利于預(yù)防馬尾松毛蟲(chóng)的蔓延發(fā)展和森林火災(zāi)發(fā)生。應(yīng)根據(jù)經(jīng)營(yíng)目的,交通條件,培養(yǎng)不同的材種,以便分別采取相應(yīng)的經(jīng)營(yíng)措施,充分發(fā)揮馬尾松的生產(chǎn)潛力。   Masson pine planting area should not be concentrated large area, according to tree species characteristics and site conditions, adjust measures to local conditions, reasonable layout, with broad leaved tree mixed, both is advantageous to the soil and water conservation and improve the forest ecological environment, and to prevent the spread of dendrolimus punctatus development and forest fires. Should according to the business purpose, traffic conditions, raises the different material, so as to respectively take the corresponding management measures, give full play to the productive potential of pinus massoniana.        1. 2　整地方式   1. 2 site preparation methods        造林前一年秋冬整地效果較好。皖東丘陵地帶一般多采用塊狀整地。暗穴、半明穴整地對(duì)防止水土流失,降低造林成本有明顯效果。勞動(dòng)力充足,經(jīng)濟(jì)條件較好的地方,提倡明穴整地,確保整地質(zhì)量;有利于提高造林成活率和促進(jìn)幼苗早期生長(zhǎng)。塊狀整地規(guī)格一般可按50×50×30cm。   Afforestation of the previous year autumn ploughing effect is better. Late winter hill country adopt more commonly block soil preparation. Dark hole, half hole soil preparation to prevent soil and water loss, decrease the cost of afforestation have obvious effect. Better place sufficient labor, economic conditions, advocates the Ming hole soil preparation, soil preparation quality; To improve afforestation survival rate and promote the growth of seedling early. Massive soil preparation specifications generally according to 50 * 50 * 30 cm.        1. 3　造林密度   1. 3 forestation density        造林地立地條件較差的,初植密度要適當(dāng)大一些,每畝500-600株。   At the beginning of the planting area of site conditions is poorer, plant density properly a few bigger, 500-500 plants per mu.        立地條件較好,土壤厚度達(dá)50cm以上,肥力中等偏上的,交通便利,經(jīng)營(yíng)集約度較高的地方,每畝栽植300-400株,以培養(yǎng)中大徑級(jí)材為目的。   Good site conditions, soil thickness of more than 50 cm, fertility of average, the transportation is convenient, management intensive degrees higher, planting during 300-300 plants per acre, aim at cultivating large diameter grade material.        1. 4　造林方法   1. 4 afforestation method        植苗造林是馬尾松造林的主要方法。適時(shí)栽植是保證造林成活的關(guān)鍵之一。松苗早春頂芽抽梢較早,故應(yīng)早栽。早栽具有早發(fā)根、易成活、早生長(zhǎng)、能抗旱等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。一般適宜的栽植時(shí)期在1月中下旬至3月中上旬。皖東丘陵地區(qū)春節(jié)前后,土壤解凍,冰雪融化,或下透雨后,即可栽植,陰天毛毛細(xì)雨或雨后天晴土壤濕潤(rùn)時(shí)栽植最佳,吹干風(fēng)時(shí)不宜栽植。   Seeding afforestation is a major method of afforestation of pinus massoniana. Timely planting is one of the key to ensure the survival of afforestation. Pine seedlings in early spring crown earlier suction tip, reason should be planted early. Early planted with early roots, easy to survival and early growth, drought resistance, etc. Generally suitable planting period from the mid to late January to early 3 months. Late winter hilly region before and after the Spring Festival, thawing soil and ice and snow melt, or next after saturating rain, can be cultivated, overcast drizzle or moist soil to plant the best when the weather is fine after the rain, when the dry wind is unfavorable to plant.        供造林的苗木(Ⅰ、Ⅱ級(jí)苗)要妥為保護(hù),確保不破壞根系,隨打漿隨假植,假植時(shí)間不超過(guò)24小時(shí),泥漿不稀不稠,運(yùn)輸時(shí)防止苗木根部失水,栽植時(shí)如果泥漿失水發(fā)干應(yīng)二次打漿。栽植時(shí)務(wù)必做到隨取苗,隨栽植。馬尾松栽植時(shí)的基本要點(diǎn)是:分級(jí)栽植,深栽黃毛入土,不窩根,不吊空,根系舒展,扶正苗木,踩實(shí)捶緊。   For afforestation seedling (Ⅰ, Ⅱ miao) is completed for the protection, make sure not to undermine the root, and increases with the increasing beating provisonal planting, provisonal planting time not more than 24 hours, mud thin thick, prevent seedling roots water loss during transportation, planting if dry mud fluid loss should be beating. Planting with miao, be sure to do when with plant. Basic point is: grading of masson pine plantation in planting, deep yellow hair, do not litter, not empty, roots stretch, righting seedling, on real beats.        集約經(jīng)營(yíng)程度較高的地方,可帶基肥造林,對(duì)促進(jìn)幼林速生和提早郁閉有相當(dāng)明顯的效果。   Of higher level of intensive management, with basal afforestation, to promote young fast-growing and early closure has a quite obvious effect.        2　馬尾松的撫育管理   2 tending management of pinus massoniana        2. 1　幼林撫育   2. 1 young forest tending        造林后3—5年內(nèi),根系入土淺,對(duì)不良環(huán)境的抵抗力差,加強(qiáng)對(duì)幼林的撫育管理,這是鞏固造林成果,促進(jìn)幼林生長(zhǎng)的重要環(huán)節(jié)措施。   3-5 years after afforestation, root soil into shallow, poor resistance to adverse environment, strengthen the young forest tending and management, this is to consolidate afforestation achievement, promote the growth of young forest of important measures.        2. 1. 1　松土除草　新造幼林的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,與其周?chē)沫h(huán)境條件有著密切關(guān)系。林地上雜草灌木叢生,會(huì)與幼林爭(zhēng)奪水分、養(yǎng)分和光照;雜草根系盤(pán)結(jié)還會(huì)阻礙幼樹(shù)根系的伸展,通過(guò)除草,可改善幼林的生長(zhǎng)條件,有利于幼樹(shù)的光合作用和生長(zhǎng)。除草松土主要是在幼樹(shù)周?chē)?范圍應(yīng)稍大于原穴,由里到外,由淺到深,免傷根系和枝干,并注意揀去石塊,土培成饅頭形,雜草、灌叢鋪蓋在幼樹(shù)周?chē)?  2. 1. 1 pulverizing weeding new young forest growth and development, with its surrounding environment have close relationship. Weeds scrub woodland, with young forest for water and nutrient and illumination; Grass roots the intertwining will hinder the young trees root extension, by weeding, can improve the growth of young forest conditions, conducive to the young trees of photosynthesis and growth. Weeding scarification is mainly around the young trees, range should be slightly larger than the original point, from the inside out, from shallow to deep, from roots and stems, and pay attention to pick rocks and soil culture into bread, weeds, shrubs bedclothes around the young trees.        除草松土?xí)r間和次數(shù),取決于幼林生長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn)以及雜草繁茂程度和氣候條件。最適宜的時(shí)期應(yīng)在幼林生長(zhǎng)旺盛期來(lái)臨之前進(jìn)行,以5-6月為好,入秋前雜草尚未結(jié)籽,除草松土效果好,且能減少來(lái)年雜草的滋生。一般連續(xù)撫育三年,第一年至第三年可按   Weeding pulverizing time and number, depending on the characteristics of young forest growth and weed flourishing degree and climate conditions. Optimum period, just days before the arrival of young exuberant growth period shall be carried out in May and June as well, before the autumn weed seed, weeding pulverizing effect is good, and can reduce weed growth next year. Generally raised three years in a row, the first year to third year according to  3、2、1次數(shù)進(jìn)行。初植造林密度大,幼林生長(zhǎng)旺盛,可撫育二年,分別按2次和1次進(jìn)行。造林后頭三年,要嚴(yán)格封山或加強(qiáng)看護(hù),防止割草、人畜破壞等。   3, 2, 1 times. Tree planting density at the beginning of young forest growth strong, can raise for two years, according to two and one, respectively. Afforestation in three years, to strict or strengthen supervision to prevent cutting grass, damage, etc.        2.1. 2　補(bǔ)植:幼林缺株,于當(dāng)年秋季進(jìn)行一次造林成活率全面檢查,了解成活情況,提出解決辦法。按補(bǔ)植規(guī)定,成活率在40%以下應(yīng)重新造林, 41-84%應(yīng)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)植,或成活率雖達(dá)85%以上,但有局部地段成活低或死亡植株集中連片,也應(yīng)補(bǔ)植。補(bǔ)植工作一般應(yīng)在當(dāng)年秋季或翌年春季進(jìn)行。補(bǔ)植應(yīng)在原種植點(diǎn)上進(jìn)行或整地后用同齡苗補(bǔ)植。   2.1. 2 replanting: young QueZhu, a forestation comprehensive inspection was conducted in the autumn, the understanding of survival condition, put forward a solution. According to the provisions of the planting survival rate under 40% should be reforestation, 41-84% should be replanting, or survival rate is above 85%, but there are local plants concentrated area low survival or death, should also be replanting. Replanting work shall generally be in the fall or the following spring. Replanting should be conducted on original planting points or soil preparation with age after the seedling replanting.        2. 2　成林撫育   2. 2 forest tending        幼林郁閉后至林分主伐前的整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程屬于林分分化稀疏階段,表現(xiàn)為林木株數(shù)的減少,樹(shù)高和直徑的增加。如不進(jìn)行必要的撫育任其生長(zhǎng),就不能達(dá)到速生、豐產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)的目的。因此,馬尾松幼林郁閉后,應(yīng)進(jìn)行修枝和撫育間伐等撫育管理。   After young forest canopy closure to stand before the final felling the whole growth process belongs to the sparse forest differentiation stage, performance for reduced number of trees, tree height and diameter increase. If not necessary care for their growth, can't achieve the goal of fast-growing, high yield, high quality. Masson pine after young forest canopy closure, therefore, should be pruning and tending management such as tending thinning.        2. 2. 1　合理修枝　合理修枝可改善馬尾松干形,獲得無(wú)節(jié)良材,提高木材質(zhì)量,又能促進(jìn)林木生長(zhǎng)。5—6年生的馬尾松是修枝最適宜的起始年齡,此時(shí)樹(shù)冠下部枝條由于通風(fēng)透光不良,開(kāi)始自然枯死,但枯死脫落的速度緩慢,如不及時(shí)修去,今后則會(huì)形成大的死節(jié)。為了促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)和減少節(jié)疤,可將枯枝和生長(zhǎng)衰退的枝條全部修去。對(duì)樹(shù)冠中最長(zhǎng)最粗的枝條也應(yīng)酌情修去,避免偏冠,使樹(shù)冠勻稱。水平枝上面的枝條,受光充足,生長(zhǎng)旺盛,不能修除,否則影響生長(zhǎng)。   2. 2. 1 reasonable pruning reasonable pruning can improve masson pine trunk, zhou received section, improve the quality of wood, and can promote the growth of trees. 5-6 years of pinus massoniana is the optimum starting age, to trimming canopy lower branches at this time due to poor ventilation pervious to light, start nature of water, but water loss rate is slow, if not timely repair, will form a big loose knot in the future. In order to promote growth and reduce knots, deadwood and growth off all branches of the recession. The most longest in the canopy of branches should also take into consideration the circumstances to, avoid partial crown, make the canopy symmetry. Levels above, branches by light enough, vigorous growth, not in addition to, or affect growth.        修枝應(yīng)掌握“輕修、勤修”的原則,修枝務(wù)必要使樹(shù)冠和樹(shù)高比例適度, 10年生以前,樹(shù)冠為樹(shù)高的三分之二; 10—15年后,樹(shù)冠可為樹(shù)高的二分之一至三分之一;以保持樹(shù)干上部枝條有一定的營(yíng)養(yǎng)面積   Pruning should grasp the principle of "light, regular trim", pruning should see to it that the tree canopy and high moderate, born 10 years ago, two-thirds of the canopy for tree height; 10-15 years later, the tree canopy can be high one-half to one-third; In order to keep the upper trunk branches have certain nutrition area        修枝的適宜時(shí)期從晚秋至早春,這時(shí)修枝,傷口流脂量少,易封閉,修切的傷口至生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)尚有一段時(shí)間,能加速愈合,縮短傷口的愈合期。生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)和寒冬不宜修枝,否則會(huì)影響生長(zhǎng)。供修枝用的砍刀、鋸子等,一定要鋒利。修枝時(shí)要避免樹(shù)干劈裂或撕開(kāi)樹(shù)皮,以免影響切口愈合而造成潰爛,影響材質(zhì)。馬尾松修枝以不留樁的方法效果好,即使留樁以小于1cm為宜。   Pruning in the appropriate period from late autumn to early spring, when pruning, wound less fat, closed, and the wounds of the cropping to the growing season there is a period of time, can accelerate healing, shorten the wound healing period. Should not be growing season and winter pruning, otherwise it will affect growth. For pruning a machete, saws, etc., must be sharp. Tear to avoid splitting or trunk bark when pruning, lest affect healing of incision and cause canker, affect the material. Pinus massoniana pruning with no pile effect is good, even if the pile is less than 1 cm.        如主梢受松梢螟危害而不能正常生長(zhǎng)或折斷,在修枝時(shí)應(yīng)有目的地培養(yǎng)一個(gè)側(cè)枝,促進(jìn)其旺盛生長(zhǎng),以代替主梢。   Affected by pine as the main tip tip moth damage and can't normal growth or broken, shall have the destination to develop a collateral when pruning, promote its robust growth, instead of the tip.        2. 2. 2　撫育間伐　馬尾松林林分郁閉后進(jìn)入群體生長(zhǎng)階段,原來(lái)幼樹(shù)與環(huán)境的矛盾轉(zhuǎn)化為各個(gè)體之間的矛盾。隨著林齡的增加,各林木要求的營(yíng)養(yǎng)空間也不斷增大,相互擠壓,引起強(qiáng)烈的分化和自然稀疏。始伐年齡:撫育間伐的始期,應(yīng)從造林密度、立地條件、林分郁閉度、胸徑和材積連年生長(zhǎng)量以及間伐木的利用價(jià)值等方面來(lái)綜合考慮。不同的造林密度、立地條件等,林分郁閉時(shí)間有所差異,一般在4—6年郁閉,郁閉后2-3年,林分的分化逐漸明顯,出現(xiàn)被壓木,小徑材較多,郁閉度達(dá)0. 8—0. 9,即可開(kāi)始撫育間伐。一般在8—10年進(jìn)行第一次間伐。造林密度大的、立地條件好的或經(jīng)營(yíng)水平較高的林分,生長(zhǎng)快、郁閉早,撫育間伐應(yīng)適當(dāng)提前;造林密度不大或立地條件較差的,可推遲1—3年。   2. 2. 2 tending thinning horsetail pine forest canopy closure after enter the population growth stage, the original of sapling and environmental contradictions into the contradictions between individuals. With the increase of forest age, each trees require nutritional space also increases unceasingly, mutual extruding, cause strong differentiation and natural thinning. Start felling age: theory of the beginning period, should from the silviculture density, site conditions, forest canopy density, diameter at breast height and volume between the years of growth, as well as logging the use value of aspects to consider. Different planting density, site conditions, different forest canopy closure time, generally between 4-6 years closure, closure after 2-3 years, stand the differentiation of gradually apparent, pressed wood, trail of material is more, crown density of 0. 8-0. 9, can begin tending thinning. Generally between 8-10 years for the first time the thinning. Afforestation density, good site conditions or to operate with higher levels of forest stand, fast growth, early closure, this theory should be appropriate in advance. Afforestation density is not big or site conditions is poorer, can be delayed 1-3 years.        間伐強(qiáng)度:間伐強(qiáng)度關(guān)系到保留木的生長(zhǎng)和林分產(chǎn)量。強(qiáng)度太小,林冠恢復(fù)郁閉快,沒(méi)有起到撫育間伐的應(yīng)有的作用,反而縮短間伐重復(fù)期,增加間伐次數(shù),間伐材過(guò)小,利用價(jià)值高,同時(shí)還增加了撫育投資。強(qiáng)度太大,造成林中空地,林地雜灌滋生,林地干燥,樹(shù)干尖削,破壞林分郁閉,影響林木生長(zhǎng)。適宜的間伐強(qiáng)度應(yīng)根據(jù)造林密度,林分生長(zhǎng)特點(diǎn)確定。8—10年進(jìn)行一次弱度的撫育間伐,強(qiáng)度為林分材積的10—15%,并可結(jié)合修枝。10—20年可采用度到強(qiáng)度的撫育間伐,強(qiáng)度為林分材積的20—30%,同時(shí)伐除干形不良的上層林冠的林木。20年以后,可采用強(qiáng)度為30%的撫育間伐。   Thinning intensity: the thinning intensity is related to keep the growth of the wood and forest production. Strength is too small, canopy closure quickly, did not have the effect of tending thinning should be, instead, shorten the thinning repeat period, increase the number of thinning, thinning wood is too small, high use value, but also increased the cradle. Intensity is too large, resulting in the glade, woodland miscellaneous fill, dry woodlands, trunk pointed, destroy the forest canopy closure, affect the growth of trees. Is suitable for the thinning intensity should be according to the planting density, forest stand growth characteristics. 8-10 years on a weak degree theory, the strength to stand volume of 10-15%, and can be combined with pruning. 10-20 years can be used to tending thinning intensity, the intensity of stand volume of 20-30%, and cut in addition to the dry form of bad overstory trees. Twenty years later, can use tending thinning intensity was 30%.        間伐重復(fù)期:通常以3—5年為宜。間伐后林分郁閉度應(yīng)保持在0. 6—0. 7之間。重復(fù)次數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)培育材種而定,中徑級(jí)用材林一般經(jīng)2—3次重復(fù)即可主伐利用。   Thinning issue repeat: usually in 3-5 years. Forest crown density after thinning should be kept in the 0. 6-0. 7. Repetitions should according to breeding material, diameter of grade timber stands can be sent to final felling after 2-3 times repetition use.        間伐方式:因林分結(jié)構(gòu)不同,有上層撫育間伐和下層撫育間伐兩種。在人工同齡純林內(nèi),宜采用下層撫育間伐,主要伐去林冠下層的被壓木、瀕死木,同時(shí)伐除干形不良的上層林冠的林木。撫育間伐時(shí)要按照“砍小留大,砍密留稀,砍劣留優(yōu)”即三砍三留原則進(jìn)行。林內(nèi)的斷梢木,雙梢木如對(duì)保留木有輔助作用,或伐除后會(huì)出現(xiàn)天窗,應(yīng)予保留不砍。在以馬尾松為主的混交林內(nèi),主要采用上層撫育間伐,即伐除林冠上層壓抑馬尾松生長(zhǎng)的非目的樹(shù)種,并可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況結(jié)合進(jìn)行下層撫育間伐。   Thinning method: due to different stand structure, there are upper theory and the lower tending thinning. In artificial pure forest, same age appropriate USES lower level theory, the main cutting to canopy layer of pressed wood, dying wood, at the same time cutting dry form bad overstory trees. Tending thinning should according to "cut down a little big, cut close to stay thin, cut bad leave" the three cutting principle. Areas of broken pin wood, wood such as double tip to keep wood has a supplementary role, and in addition to the trees appear skylight, shall be retained no cut. In predominantly masson pine mixed forest, mainly adopts the upper theory, namely cut in addition to the canopy top inhibition of growth of pinus massoniana nontarget species, it also can be combined according to the actual situation of the lower tending thinning.